Cost Accounting: What It Is, How It Works & Types Explained

No matter whether you create products or offer services, as a small business owner or finance manager, you’ll have to keep an eye on your costs.

To do that, you can turn to cost accounting — the process of monitoring and analyzing all expenses that a business incurs. Thanks to cost accounting, you’ll improve your decision-making and enhance profitability in the long run.

Read on as we take a close look at the principles, advantages, and methodologies of cost accounting.

• Cost accounting is the process of tracking and analyzing all business expenses. 
• In cost accounting, you can classify costs as fixed, variable, operating, direct, or indirect.
• With cost accounting, you can monitor inventory and cost behavior and make better investment decisions.
• A key disadvantage of cost accounting is that the process isn’t compliant with GAAP or IFRS.

O que é contabilidade de custos?

Cost accounting is the process of tracking and analyzing the total expenses incurred by businesses in producing products or providing services. It’s used only internally and helps business owners and managers make better financial decisions.

In cost accounting, businesses can track these 5 types of costs:

• Fixed costs — Constant expenses you need to pay for your company, regardless of your profit.
• Variable costs — Expenses that depend on your production volume (they increase or decrease depending on your production). 
• Operating costs — The sum of fixed and variable expenses for your business.
• Direct costs — Essential expenses you make when creating products or offering services (like raw materials).  
• Indirect costs — These expenses aren’t directly linked to services or products, but can benefit your company in the long run (like quality control or equipment maintenance).

Business owners use cost accounting to understand the real costs of products and services, get accurate data for budgeting, and maximize profit.

Fixed vs. variable costs in cost accounting

Fixed costs are expenses that you have to pay for your company, no matter whether you make a profit or not. Fixed costs usually include:

• Rent or lease,
• Insurance, 
• Salaries for your employees, and
• Equipment depreciation — wear and tear that happens to your machinery, vehicles, or IT equipment.

Variable costs follow your production volume. So, when your output rises, your variable expenses are higher, too. Common variable costs are:

• Matérias-primas 
• Packaging,
• Utility usage, like electricity consumption, 
• Hourly wages, and
• Inventory stock.

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Direct vs. indirect costs

Direct costs are the ones you would directly incur when producing goods or services. Here are some examples of direct costs in each of the categories:

• Direct materials — lumber, wood required for production (that become part of the finished goods/services), or printing materials for clients in a marketing/consulting agency.
• Direct labor — designers and freelancers in a marketing agency, involved in the production.
• Other direct expenses — rental of machinery/equipment, transportation of machines, or costs of paid ads for clients in a marketing agency.

While important for operations, indirect costs aren’t directly linked to production activities. Here are examples of indirect costs in each of the categories:

• Indirect materials — fuel for transport, stationery, consumables, office furniture (that aren’t part of the finished goods/services).
• Indirect labor — management, office administration, security personnel, etc.
• Other indirect expenses — utilities, depreciation, taxes, insurance, etc.

For example, in an IT company, indirect expenses include advertising costs.

You can use a tool like Clockify to keep tabs on your direct and indirect costs. Clockify integrates with QuickBooks and the Xero invoicing app to help you manage your project-related expenses.

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Cost accounting formulas

Let’s see some of the most important formulas in standard cost accounting, such as prime cost, works cost, variance analysis, and cost of sales.

Prime cost is the sum of direct raw materials and direct labor.

Prime cost = Direct raw materials + Direct labor

When you add the prime cost to overhead/indirect costs, you get the works cost or factory cost.

Works cost = Prime cost + Production/factory overheads

Variance analysis is all about determining how actual costs differ from planned or standard costs.

Variance =  Planned costs/revenue – Actual costs/revenue

Dependendo da resposta obtida após este cálculo, a variância pode ser:

• Favorável — o custo real é menor que o custo planejado (o resultado do cálculo é um número positivo)
• Desfavorável — o custo real incorrido é maior que o custo planejado (o resultado do cálculo é um número negativo)

Finally, the formula for cost of sales goes like this:

Cost of sales = Works cost + administration overheads

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Contabilidade de custos vs. contabilidade financeira e contabilidade gerencial: Principais diferenças

Vamos analisar como a contabilidade de custos se compara a outros ramos da contabilidade: contabilidade financeira e contabilidade gerencial.

Financial accounting vs. cost accounting

Financial accounting assesses the overall financial health of a business. In short, financial accountants specialize in: 

• Registrar 
• Resumir 
• Relatar as transações financeiras de uma empresa por meio de demonstrações financeiras

These financial statements — including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements — offer a detailed view of a company’s financial performance and status over a specific period.

The primary goal of financial accounting is to enable shareholders, investors, regulators, creditors, and the public to assess a company’s performance over a specific period. In contrast, cost accounting aims to determine and track the actual cost of production.

A contabilidade financeira, diferentemente da contabilidade de custos, segue um destes padrões contábeis:

• Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) — the accounting standards, principles, and procedures that are practiced in the US, or
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) — a set of global accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). 

While the objectives and processes may differ between cost accounting and financial accounting, both are essential for management accounting (coming up next).

Management accounting vs. cost accounting

While cost accounting focuses on tracking and comparing production costs, the primary goal of management accounting is to analyze and interpret the financial information obtained through both financial and cost accounting. Such financial information can be revenue, production costs, profit, loss, and more.

Management accounting relies on financial reports from cost and financial accounting to make informed decisions about the company’s economic growth.

This table provides an overview of the differences among cost accounting, financial accounting, and management accounting.

Exemplos de contabilidade de custos

Estes exemplos ajudarão você a entender melhor como funciona a contabilidade de custos.

#1: Cost accounting in the manufacturing industry

Say ABC company has recorded the following expenses in producing 2,000 units of smartphones in the first quarter of 2026:

• Compras de matéria-prima: R$ 12.000
• Salários diretos: R$ 50.000
• Outras despesas diretas: R$ 10.000
• Despesas gerais de fabricação: R$ 10.000
• Aluguel e administração do escritório: R$ 30.000
• Distribuição: R$ 25.000
• Publicidade: R$ 2.500
• Pesquisa de mercado: R$ 1.000

The company has earned $130,000 in sales revenue during the same period.

Now, the cost accountant prepares a cost sheet to reflect the expenses and the revenue — here’s what that looks like:

By looking at the cost sheet, we see that the cost of producing 2,000 smartphones ($140,500) exceeds the sales revenue ($130,000), resulting in a loss of $10,500.

#2: Cost accounting in the SaaS industry

Our expert contributor, Alexandra Hayes, a generative AI & SaaS GTM consultant in a software company, shares examples of direct expenses in the SaaS industry:

“Direct costs include software engineers, AI model infrastructure, cloud services, and product testing. It also includes contracted and employed developers that help deliver product features. These costs are incurred to help run the product at a higher level.”

On the other hand, Alexandra says that indirect costs are “the operational costs incurred to help the business function at a higher level, and do not help deliver a product feature or service to a customer.” These include costs incurred for marketing, sales, business support, accounting, legal, internal systems, hiring, and general administration.

What are the 6 types of cost accounting?

While businesses use many types of cost accounting methods to manage and analyze their costs efficiently, we’re going to focus on 6 main types of cost accounting:

• Custeio padrão
• Contabilidade baseada em atividades
• Marginal costing, 
• Lean accounting,
• Job order costing, and
• Process costing.

The choice of a method usually depends on the industry, the nature of the products or services, and the company’s resources, needs, and goals.

#1: Standard costing

Standard costing is an accounting approach that companies use to estimate expenses and revenue based on predetermined cost standards. The cost standards are set for all aspects of operations or production, including materials, labor, overheads, and indirect costs.

Authors of Managerial Accounting: Creating Value in a Dynamic Business Environment, Ronald. W. Hilton and David E. Platt provided an easy explanation of standard costing. They compare standard costs to a “thermostat.” Just as you can set “standard” temperatures using a thermostat, you can set standards for the company’s expenses and monitor them with standard costing.

Alguns métodos comumente usados ​​para estabelecer padrões de custo incluem:

• Registros históricos de despesas 
• Estudos de engenharia 
• Consulta com contadores de custos, fornecedores e outros especialistas do setor

#2: Activity-based accounting (ABC)

Activity-based (ABC) accounting refers to all the activities required to make a product and the resources needed for each activity. In simple words, this means that some activities (such as operating a machine) are involved in making a product, and each of these activities involves costs.

In contrast to standard costing, which assigns predetermined costs to materials and labor, ABC assigns costs to the actual resources consumed in each activity.

For example, to create an app, the company needs to hire developers and QA testers as resources. Some of the activities would be writing code, fixing errors, and managing releases.

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#3: Marginal costing

To put it simply, marginal costs are the additional costs a company incurs when manufacturing or selling one more unit beyond the current level of production.

For example, in the IT industry, a “unit” in this context can be a new user/subscriber. So, when a company gets 1,000 new users, its development team would probably have to invest in software infrastructure, such as a bigger database.

Companies use marginal costing to determine how to step up production to maximize profit. For instance, if the cost of manufacturing an additional unit is less than the revenue they earn by selling the unit, the company can make a profit.

Conversely, if the cost of manufacturing an additional unit exceeds the revenue they can earn from selling it, they’ll incur a loss. In this case, the company has to reduce production to remain profitable.

#4: Lean accounting

As another method of cost accounting, lean accounting is particularly suited for “lean organizations” or companies that follow the “lean management” practices.

The focus of lean management is to eliminate waste, make small, ongoing improvements in processes, and boost efficiency. Rather than a single method of cost accounting, lean accounting comprises a set of practices and principles designed to support lean management.

To visualize and analyze the entire value stream (all the processes and activities involved in production), you can use value stream mapping. This is a visual representation of all the components and processes required to manufacture a product or deliver a service.  

Após criar um mapa de fluxo visual, você poderá identificar todas as atividades e recursos necessários para cada fluxo de valor. O próximo passo é preparar uma demonstração de resultados (a análise detalhada dos custos de cada fluxo de valor).

Finalmente, você poderá identificar e eliminar desperdícios e aumentar a eficiência.

#5: Job order costing

Job order costing is the cost accounting method companies use for projects or custom orders. So, each activity or task you have will have its own expense, including both materials and labor. This way, businesses can set more accurate prices. 

This cost accounting method is suitable for industries such as catering, manufacturing, and construction.

Our expert contributor, Josh Kent, Founder & CEO of Sunfrog Shirts, explains why his company uses this cost accounting method: 

“Each time an order comes through, it could potentially be for a completely different product. Each of our products (like shirts, caps, or stickers) will have a unique material cost, printing requirements, number of labor points, package needs, and processes required for fulfilling orders.”

Josh adds that job order costing works for his company since they have a print-on-demand model.

#6: Process costing

Unlike job order costing, process costing is a practical method companies use for similar projects. This is how businesses use process costing to calculate the average cost per unit:

Total expenses / The number of units produced = The average cost per unit

Process costing is practical for industries such as consumer goods manufacturing, food processing, and textile manufacturing.

Quais são as vantagens da contabilidade de custos?

Ao fornecer dados vitais sobre os custos reais, a contabilidade de custos auxilia no planejamento financeiro, no controle de custos, nas decisões de precificação e muito mais.

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#1: Cost accounting helps companies find the exact cost of a product or service 

An experienced CPA and founder of a financial service firm, Michelle Delker, says that cost accounting helps companies find the precise cost of a product or service:

"Uma das principais vantagens da contabilidade de custos é a capacidade de calcular o custo exato de um produto ou serviço, permitindo que as empresas determinem preços de venda lucrativos. Ela também ajuda a entender o comportamento dos custos, auxiliando as empresas a tomar decisões orçamentárias lógicas e identificando processos com desperdício."

This allows companies to allocate resources efficiently and set realistic financial goals. 

#2: Cost accounting helps with identifying wasteful activities 

Um dos principais objetivos da contabilidade de custos é identificar atividades lucrativas e não lucrativas. 

Some cost accounting methods, such as Activity-Based Costing, can improve manufacturing efficiency. According to The Role of Cost Accounting Data in Enhancing Manufacturing Efficiency, 44% of companies that use the ABC method report reduced waste and improved overhead savings.

The same research highlights that, thanks to the ABC technique, businesses can assign costs to specific activities and products within their companies. This way, businesses can clearly distinguish between profitable and unprofitable activities.

#3: Cost accounting helps with cost control

Cost control is a strategy companies adopt to lower their expenses and improve profitability this way.

A study on the effectiveness of cost accounting in resource allocation shows that manufacturing companies using advanced cost accounting methods achieve greater cost control. Besides, such businesses are also better at decision-making.

Said research highlights that, when companies have better cost control, they can also optimize their resources more effectively.

#4: Cost accounting helps with tracking inventory on an ongoing basis

The process of cost accounting involves continuously updating inventory levels. This helps management obtain real-time information on the quantity and value of stock on hand. 

Thanks to these insights, companies can better manage inventory and prevent stockouts or overstocking.  

#5: Cost accounting tracks cost behavior to enable cost comparison

By tracking costs on an ongoing basis, cost accountants and managers can compare:

• O custo de cada produto fabricado por uma empresa
• Os custos incorridos em diferentes períodos
• Os custos incorridos por cada departamento de uma empresa 

Let’s say your company makes 2 products: X and Y. Using cost accounting, you can calculate the total cost of manufacturing both X and Y. By comparing the costs, you understand which product is more profitable and which one needs pricing adjustments or cost control.

Similarly, if your organization has several departments (production, engineering, sales, design, etc.), cost accounting helps calculate the overheads incurred by each department. Management can then identify departments with higher overhead costs and explore ways to reduce them.

By recording cost data for each year (or month), cost accountants can compare production costs for the selected period. 

#6: Cost accounting helps identify areas with higher profit potential

Ao contrário da contabilidade financeira, que normalmente é realizada anualmente, a contabilidade de custos é realizada conforme necessário para ajudar a administração a entender e comparar o custo de produção.

Frequent analysis offers insights into the profitability of different products, services, or projects. As a result, companies can rely on cost accounting to understand which products or services are more profitable and which need tweaking in pricing or production efficiency.

Our expert interlocutor, Josh Kent, says that his company makes comparisons between several products to determine which ones should be scaled: 

“A good example would be that although a particular product may appear to be popular based upon sales numbers alone, utilizing cost accounting will help determine whether growing that product will be feasible or profitable.”

#7: Cost accounting assists in informed budget and investment decisions

Whether it’s determining the optimal output levels, deciding whether to make or buy certain components, replacing old equipment, or introducing new products — cost accounting helps you evaluate the financial impact of each decision. 

This reduces the risk of making hasty decisions and allows you to align your choices with the organization’s long-term goals.

#8: Cost accounting supports performance evaluation

Cost accounting involves comparing actual costs against standard costs. As a manager, you can then set performance targets based on the results of this comparison to motivate your staff. 

Apart from providing clear direction on what staff should work towards, the cost accounting standards also help in designing performance-based incentives.

Quais são as desvantagens da contabilidade de custos?

Estas são as desvantagens da contabilidade de custos que você deve conhecer.

#1: Cost accounting isn’t a standardized accounting system

Unlike financial accounting, cost accounting isn’t compliant with GAAP or IFRS. Also, cost accounting doesn’t use a standard format or procedure for preparing cost information.

As each company uses its own format for cost accounting, it can be difficult to compare the cost data of different companies or different departments. Besides, since no uniform method is followed, it’s possible for 2 cost accountants to obtain different results from the same information. 

#2: Cost accounting doesn’t give a holistic picture of costs

Our expert contributor and CPA, Michelle Delker, warns that cost accounting may not give a complete view of the company’s financial situation:

“One of the disadvantages is that cost accounting may not always provide a holistic view of the company’s financial condition as it primarily focuses on individual costs rather than the entity’s overall financial performance.”

On the other hand, Josh Kent believes that cost accounting relies heavily upon having accurate input:

“Incorrect input will lead to incorrect conclusions, which will negatively impact pricing and product decision-making.”

#3: Cost accounting can be resource-heavy

Yet another limitation of cost accounting is that it can be expensive to implement, particularly for smaller businesses. 

Companies need to invest in hiring experienced cost accountants and advanced tools to record, track, and report costs. Such expenses may reduce the profit the company earns.

Track project profitability with Clockify by CAKE.com

Cost accounting will help you distinguish between profitable and unprofitable activities and projects. This way, you’ll avoid cost overruns and maximize your profit.

To start tracking and analyzing your expenses, you need a time and project budgeting tracker like Clockify by CAKE.com:

• Set your project budget — It can be task-based, if you want to add estimates for each task, or manual, if you want to define a project budget for the entire project.
• Track time and billability — Mark your time entries as billable or non-billable. Also, add expenses (direct and indirect) to your projects, and add notes for each expense.
• Analyze costs with Forecasting — This is a simple way to review how much money you’ve spent and how much remains. You can also set project alerts, so that Clockify warns you when you’re reaching a certain point in your budget.

As a finance manager, you can also hide tracked time and expenses. This is convenient if you want your team members only to have access to their own time entries and expenses.

Another advantage of Clockify is that you have access to a 24/7 fully human customer support team, even on the Free plan. 

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Perguntas frequentes sobre contabilidade de custos 

Here are some frequently asked questions and answers about cost accounting.

What is cost accounting in a nutshell? 

Cost accounting is the process of tracking and analyzing total expenses during the production of a product or service. With cost accounting, business owners and managers can make better budgeting decisions. Cost accounting is intended only for internal management, not external stakeholders.

What is the formula for cost accounting?

There isn’t only 1 formula for cost accounting, but 3 important formulas: the prime cost formula, the works cost formula, and the variance formula.

The formula for prime cost is:

Prime cost = Direct raw materials + Direct labor

The formula for works cost (factory cost) is:

Works cost = Prime cost + Production/factory overheads

The formula for variance analysis is:

Variance =  Planned costs/revenue – Actual costs/revenue

Is cost accounting GAAP-compliant?

No, cost accounting doesn’t follow GAAP. Businesses that use cost accounting set their own standards for reporting.

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